The aim of this paper is to present some research hypotheses and empirical evidence concerning the geographical distribution and spread of leishmaniasis in Greece and particularly in the Greater Athens region, through spatial analysis in a GIS environment. Greece is the WHO Collaborating Center for research and training in Mediterranean zoonoses1. Research for leishmaniasis in Greece has indicated that most of the incidents of the disease are concentrated in the Greater Athens region. The results presented in this paper are based on a research project which is currently carried out by the Technological Educational Institution of Athens2 in collaboration with the University of Crete and the Aristotle University of Thessalonica. The main hypothesis in this paper is that there is a geographical dimension in the diffusion of the disease of leishmaniasis in the Greater Athens region. This dimension includes several environmental factors as indicated in the relevant literature (i.e. elevation, vegetation, meteorological factors, the presence of quarries and dump sites and socioeconomic factors), but also the hypothesis that the incidents of the disease are clustered in the foothills of mountains which surround the Athens Basin, while they tend to follow the urban expansions towards these mountains. The available data concern incidents of leishmaniasis in the years 1961-2004. The incidents are mapped as well as the factors which are believed to affect the spatial distribution of the disease. The results are combined in a geographical database so that the possible interplay among them can be detected employing methods of spatial analysis. The preliminary results indicate that the above stated hypothesis is supported with some qualifications regarding mostly the elevation parameter.